## Dynamic Optimization Basics

Two tools used in this course are MATLAB and Python. APMonitor is used as a toolbox in MATLAB or as a package within Python to provide support for solution of dynamic simulation, estimation, and control.

There are many tools for simulation and optimization of dynamic systems. There are also many factors to consider when selecting the appropriate tool for a particular task. Some of the considerations for a dynamic optimization tool are size (scaling with number equations and degrees of freedom), speed (use in real-time estimation or control), usability (training requirements and ease of adaptation), extensibility (ability to modify for new or complex systems), support (commercial sustainment or open-source community), and portability (ability to embed on a system or communicate with a particular platform).

The objective of this section is to introduce MATLAB and Python. This is not intended to be a general tutorial but more specifically to cover topics that are relevant for dynamic optimization. Topics of interest for dynamic optimization are listed below.

### Introduction to Programming Languages

Many programming languages can be used in this course with examples in both MATLAB and Python programming languages. There are many resources to get started in MATLAB or get started with Python. There are also excellent resources for experienced MATLAB programmers who would like to learn Python such as Numpy for Matlab Users. Introductory material on programming with MATLAB or Python is in the Computational Tools Course.

### Introduction to Nonlinear Optimization

This course uses principles from nonlinear programming but does not delve into the details of solution strategies. Instead of detailing how a nonlinear programming solver iterates to find a solution, this course focuses on formulating problems and the use of differential constraints in describing and optimizing dynamic systems. For more background on how nonlinear programming solvers work, refer to the Course on Optimization and the associated online Design Optimization Textbook. A good illustrative example is the Two Bar Truss optimization or the example below.

### GEKKO (Python)

GEKKO Python is designed for large-scale optimization and accesses solvers of constrained, unconstrained, continuous, and discrete problems. Problems in linear programming, quadratic programming, integer programming, nonlinear optimization, systems of dynamic nonlinear equations, and multi-objective optimization can be solved. The platform can find optimal solutions, perform tradeoff analyses, balance multiple design alternatives, and incorporate optimization methods into external modeling and analysis software. It is free for academic and commercial use under the MIT license.

The GEKKO package is available through the package manager pip in Python.

python -m pip install gekko

### APMonitor (MATLAB and Python)

APMonitor is a tool for nonlinear optimization and dynamic optimization. Source files are available for Julia, Python, and MATLAB. Users can select either a public server or a local host if the APMonitor Server is installed locally. The user must also specify an application name.

 server = 'https://127.0.0.1'         # for local server
server = 'https://byu.apmonitor.com' # for public server
app = myApp                         # application name


Once the server and application name are defined, the following is a list of available commands in each package.

• apm(server,app,aline) - Send commands to the server
• Typical commands are 'clear all', 'clear csv', 'clear apm', 'solve'.
• 'clear all': Clear the prior application
• 'clear csv': Clear just the data file (CSV)
• 'clear apm': Clear just the model file (APM)
• 'solve': Solve the problem
• apm_get(server,app,filename) - Retrieve a file from the server
• apm_info(server,app,type,aline) - Classify a parameter or variable]]
• Type FV: Fixed value, one decision or fixed value over the time horizon
• Type MV: Manipulated variable, multiple decision values over the horizon
• Type SV: State variable, view in web-viewer but don't control
• Type CV: Controlled variable with target variable
• apm_ip(server) - Retrieve the client IP address
• apm_meas(server,app,name,value) - Specify a measurement
• apm_option(server,app,name,value) - Set an option
• apm_sol(server,app) - Retrieve the solution
• apm_tag(server,app,name) - Retrieve an NLC, FV, MV, SV, or CV option
• apm_web(server,app) - Open a web interface to the dashboard
• apm_web_var(server,app) - Open a web interface to the variable values

An example script is below. The same commands are used in Python, MATLAB, and Julia with minor modifications such as the ';' in MATLAB to suppress console output or change in the comment characters.

# import apm.py, available from
#   https://apmonitor.com/wiki/index.php/Main/PythonApp
from apm import *

s = 'https://byu.apmonitor.com'
a = 'myApp'

# clear prior application
apm(s,a,'clear all')

# specify FV, MV, SV, CV
apm_info(s,a,'FV','K')
apm_info(s,a,'MV','u')
apm_info(s,a,'SV','x')
apm_info(s,a,'CV','y')

# configuration parameters
apm_option(s,a,'nlc.imode',6)
apm_option(s,a,'nlc.nodes',3)

# turn on MV as a degree of freedom
apm_option(s,a,'u.status',1)
# turn on CV to add terms to objective function
apm_option(s,a,'y.status',1)

# tune MV in the controller
apm_option(s,a,'u.lower',0)
apm_option(s,a,'u.upper',100)
apm_option(s,a,'u.dcost',0.1)

# tune CV in the controller
apm_option(s,a,'y.tau',5)
apm_option(s,a,'y.sphi',26)
apm_option(s,a,'y.splo',24)

# solve and retrieve results
output = apm(s,a,'solve')
print(output)

# open web-viewer
apm_web(s,a)

# retrieve solution
z = apm_sol(s,a)