Main

## TCLab Linearize Energy Balance

Objective: Linearize and simulate an energy balance model with radiative and convective heat transfer.

An energy balance equation includes convective and radiative heat transfer and is nonlinear because of the T4 term.

$$\frac{dT}{dt} = f(T,Q) = \frac{U\,A\, \left(T_a-T\right) + \epsilon\,\sigma\,A\,\left(T_\infty^4-T^4\right) + \alpha \, Q}{m \, c_p}$$

Linearize the nonlinear differential equation by computing the partial derivatives \gamma and \beta with respect to the heater value (Q) and temperature (T). The \gamma and \beta are constants when evaluated at steady state conditions. The right hand side of the differential equation is a function f(T,Q) of only Q and T while the other values are constants.

$$\frac{dT}{dt} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial T}\bigg|_{\bar T,\bar Q} \left(T-\bar T\right) + \frac{\partial f}{\partial Q}\bigg|_{\bar T,\bar Q} \left(Q-\bar Q\right)$$

Condensed Linear Form

$$\frac{dT'}{dt} = \gamma T' + \beta Q'$$

with partial derivatives evaluated at steady state conditions (\bar Q=0, \bar T=23oC):

$$\gamma = \frac{\partial f}{\partial T}\bigg|_{\bar T,\bar Q}$$

$$\beta = \frac{\partial f}{\partial Q}\bigg|_{\bar T,\bar Q}$$

and deviation variables as the difference from the steady state conditions:

$$T' = T - \bar T$$

$$Q' = Q - \bar Q$$

Use values \alpha=0.01, T_a=23oC, m=0.004 kg, \epsilon=0.9, A=0.0012 m2, c_p=500 J/kg-K, U=5 W/m2-K, \sigma=5.67x10-8 W/m2-K4 , and T_\infty=23 oC to simulate the change in temperature over the 5 minutes when heater Q is adjusted to 75%. Compare the simulated temperature response to data from the TCLab as well as the nonlinear model. Add the linear simulation prediction to the solution from the prior TCLab exercise.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.integrate import odeint
import tclab
import time

n = 300  # Number of second time points (5 min)

# collect data if TCLab is connected
try:
lab = tclab.TCLab()
T1 = [lab.T1]
lab.Q1(75)
for i in range(n):
time.sleep(1)
print(lab.T1)
T1.append(lab.T1)
lab.close()
connected = True
except:
print('Connect TCLab to Get Data')
connected = False

# simulation
U = 5.0
A = 0.0012
alpha = 0.01
eps = 0.9
sigma = 5.67e-8
Ta = 23
Cp = 500
m = 0.004
TaK = Ta + 273.15
def labsim(TC,t):
TK = TC + 273.15
dTCdt = (U*A*(Ta-TC) + sigma*eps*A*(TaK**4-TK**4) + alpha*50)/(m*Cp)
return dTCdt

tm = np.linspace(0,n,n+1) # Time values
Tsim = odeint(labsim,23,tm)

# calculate losses from conv and rad
conv = U*A*(Ta-Tsim)
gain = alpha*50

# Plot results
plt.figure()
plt.subplot(2,1,1)
plt.plot(tm,Tsim,'b-',label='Simulated')
if connected:
plt.plot(tm,T1,'r.',label='Measured')
plt.ylabel(r'Temperature ($^oC$)')
plt.legend()
plt.subplot(2,1,2)
plt.plot(tm,conv,'g:',label='Convection')
plt.plot(tm,loss,'k-',label='Total Lost')
plt.text(150,-0.1,'Heater input = '+str(gain)+' W')
plt.ylabel(r'Heat Loss (W)')
plt.legend(loc=3)
plt.xlabel('Time (sec)')
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import tclab
import time
# pip install gekko
from gekko import GEKKO

n = 300  # Number of second time points (5 min)

# collect data if TCLab is connected
try:
lab = tclab.TCLab()
T1 = [lab.T1]
lab.Q1(75)
for i in range(n):
time.sleep(1)
print(lab.T1)
T1.append(lab.T1)
lab.close()
connected = True
except:
print('Connect TCLab to Get Data')
connected = False

# simulation
m = GEKKO()
m.time = np.linspace(0,n,n+1)
U = 5.0; A = 0.0012; Cp = 500
mass = 0.004; alpha = 0.01; Ta = 23
eps = 0.9; sigma = 5.67e-8; TaK = Ta+273.15
TC = m.Var(Ta)
TK = m.Intermediate(TC+273.15)
conv = m.Intermediate(U*A*(Ta-TC))
gain = m.Intermediate(alpha*50)
m.options.NODES = 3
m.options.IMODE = 4 # dynamic simulation
m.solve(disp=False)

# Plot results
plt.figure()
plt.subplot(2,1,1)
plt.plot(m.time,TC,'b-',label='Simulated')
if connected:
plt.plot(m.time,T1,'r.',label='Measured')
plt.ylabel(r'Temperature ($^oC$)')
plt.legend()
plt.subplot(2,1,2)
plt.plot(m.time,conv,'g:',label='Convection')
plt.plot(m.time,loss,'k-',label='Total Lost')
plt.text(150,-0.1,'Heater input = '+str(gain.value[0])+' W')
plt.ylabel(r'Heat Loss (W)')
plt.legend(loc=3)
plt.xlabel('Time (sec)')
plt.show()

Solution

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.integrate import odeint
import tclab
import time

n = 300  # Number of second time points (5 min)

# collect data if TCLab is connected
try:
lab = tclab.TCLab()
T1 = [lab.T1]
lab.Q1(75)
for i in range(n):
time.sleep(1)
print(lab.T1)
T1.append(lab.T1)
lab.close()
connected = True
except:
print('Connect TCLab to Get Data')
connected = False

# simulation
U = 5.0
A = 0.0012
alpha = 0.01
eps = 0.9
sigma = 5.67e-8
Ta = 23
Cp = 500
m = 0.004
Q = 75
TaK = Ta + 273.15
gamma = -U*A/(m*Cp) - 4*eps*sigma*A*TaK**3/(m*Cp)
beta = alpha/(m*Cp)
def labsim(x,t):
TC,TC2 = x
# convert to Kelvin
TK = TC + 273.15
# nonlinear
dTCdt = (U*A*(Ta-TC) + sigma*eps*A*(TaK**4-TK**4) + alpha*Q)/(m*Cp)
# linear
dTC2dt = gamma * (TC2-23) + beta * (Q-0)
return [dTCdt,dTC2dt]

tm = np.linspace(0,n,n+1) # Time values
Tsim = odeint(labsim,[23,23],tm)

T_nonlinear = Tsim[:,0]
T_linear = Tsim[:,1]

# Plot results
plt.figure()
plt.plot(tm,T_nonlinear,'b-',label='Nonlinear')
plt.plot(tm,T_linear,'k:',label='Linear')
if connected:
plt.plot(tm,T1,'r.',label='Measured')
plt.ylabel(r'Temperature ($^oC$)')
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel('Time (sec)')
plt.show()