## Schedule Optimization

Schedule optimization maximizes productivity, minimizes costs and reduces delays. It is widely used in manufacturing, logistics, transportation, construction, project management, and healthcare. By optimizing schedules, organizations can allocate resources effectively, improve delivery times, and meet customer demands efficiently, leading to increased competitiveness and profitability.

Manufacturing facilities employ expert schedulers and tools to help visualize and plan for production cycles, scheduled downtime, transitions, etc. This example is a comparison of three methods for scheduling problems:

• Exhaustive search
• Heuristic
• Integer Programming

The example demonstrates Gekko for solving scheduling problems and compares to exhaustive search and heuristic method.

Objective: Minimize the delay for the production of 5 products on 2 machines. Each product requires a different amount of time to process for each step.

There are 5 products that require 2 processing steps on separate machines. The two machines (machine Y and machine Z) work one after the other. A product must go through machine Y first and after that through machine Z. Both machines can work simultaneously, but each machine cannot work on more than 1 product at a time. The factory needs to minimize the time of production of all given products. This is equivalent to minimizing the idle time of machine Z.

 Product P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 Machine Y: 10 20 15 40 8 Machine Z: 20 30 10 25 18

Exhaustive Search

There are n! permutations for a production list of n length. For this specific problem with 5 products, there are 5!=120 combinations. An exhaustive search calculates the makespan (total time) for all possible combinations.

from itertools import permutations
import pandas as pd

Y = {0: 10, 1: 20, 2: 15, 3: 40, 4: 8}
Z = {0: 20, 1: 30, 2: 10, 3: 25, 4: 18}

products = Y.keys()
np = len(products)
pm = [] # list of permutations
tm = [] # list of makespan time
for order in permutations(products):
# append permutation to the pm list
pm.append(order)
# lookup time for each step
ty = [0]*(np+1); tz = [0]*(np+1)
for i in range(np):
ty[i] = Y[order[i]]
tz[i+1] = Z[order[i]]
# calculate makespan time
t = 0
for i in range(np+1):
t += max(ty[i],tz[i])
tm.append(t)

# convert to Pandas DataFrame for sorting
r = pd.DataFrame(pm,columns=['T0','T1','T2','T3','T4'])
r['makespan'] = tm
r.sort_values('makespan',inplace=True)
print(r.head(10))

The top 10 best schedules show that there are two best candidate schedules each with a makespan of 121.

 T0  T1  T2  T3  T4  makespan
4   0   1   3   2       121
4   2   0   1   3       121
0   1   3   2   4       123
0   1   3   4   2       123
4   1   3   0   2       123
4   1   3   2   0       123
0   2   4   1   3       125
0   4   1   3   2       125
2   4   0   1   3       128
2   0   1   3   4       128


While an exhaustive search is fast for this problem, it becomes impractical to calculate all combinations for more complex schedules. Heuristic or optimization methods are used when exhaustive search is too computationally demanding.

Heuristic Solution: Johnson's Rule

Similar to the Knapsack Optimization, there is a heuristic solution that is problem-specific and achieves optimal results under certain restrictive assumptions. Johnson's Rule is a method for scheduling the jobs in two work centers with constant job time. Job times are not affected by the sequence and products are processed on the first machine before moving to the second machine. Johnson's rule selects the product with the shortest activity time and assigns it to be processed first if the shortest time is for machine Y. If the shortest time is for machine Z, it assigns the product to the end of the list. The next shortest time is selected and assigned as the second or second to last product if those were selected previously. The process is repeated until all products are ordered.

• The lowest time is P4 and it is assigned to be first because the lowest time is for machine Y.
• Then next lowest is P2 and it is assigned to be last because the lowest time is for machine Z.

The order is P4, P0, P1, P3, P2 with total delay of 26 on machine Z and total makespan time of 121 to complete all processing. This is the same as the first row in the sorted exhaustive search list.

 Sequence T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Machine Y: 8 10 20 40 15 Machine Z: 18 20 30 25 10 Delay (26): 8 8 0 0 10 0 Time (121): 8 18 20 40 25 10

Optimization Solution: Integer Programming

The same heuristics do not work if there are any changes in the assumptions that would invalidate Johnson's rule. This may happen if the problem changes or there is a priority for finishing one product over another. There may also be additional constraints a third processing step could be introduced. A more flexible approach is to solve the problem with Integer Linear Programming (ILP). Variables, equations, and an objective are created to fit into a standard form that an optimizer can solve.

\begin{align} & \text{maximize} && \mathbf{c}^\mathrm{T} \mathbf{x}\\ & \text{subject to} && A \mathbf{x} \le \mathbf{b} \\ & && \mathbf{x} \ge \mathbf{0} \\ &&& \mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{Z}^n \end{align}

Solve the problem with an integer programming solver (APOPT) by setting up each decision as a binary variable (0 or 1). A zero (0) is a decision to not place the item in the schedule while a one (1) is a decision to include it. There are 5 products with processing times ty_0, \ldots, ty_4 and tz_0, \ldots, tz_4. The decision variables are a matrix of 25 values that can be 0 or 1:

$$x = \left [ \begin{matrix} x_{0,0} & x_{0,1} & x_{0,2} & x_{0,3} & x_{0,4} \\ x_{1,0} & x_{1,1} & x_{1,2} & x_{1,3} & x_{1,4}\\x_{2,0} & x_{2,1} & x_{2,2} & x_{2,3} & x_{2,4} \\ x_{3,0} & x_{3,1} & x_{3,2} & x_{3,3} & x_{3,4} \\ x_{4,0} & x_{4,1} & x_{4,2} & x_{4,3} & x_{4,4}\\ \end{matrix} \right ]$$

Each row represents a new processing step (5 total) and each column is the product (5 total). Only one product is selected to be processed first, second, third, and so on. This is mathematically expressed with the sum of each row equal to 1.

$$\sum_{j=0}^4 x_{i,j} = 1 \quad \forall \; i=0\ldots4$$

A product is only processed once with the sum of each row equal to 1.

$$\sum_{i=0}^4 x_{i,j} = 1 \quad \forall \; j=0\ldots4$$

The time to process on machine Y (ty) and machine Z (tz) is:

$$ty_i = \sum_{j=0}^4 Y_j x_{i,j} \quad \forall \; i=0\ldots4$$

$$tz_i = \sum_{j=0}^4 Z_j x_{i,j} \quad \forall \; i=0\ldots4$$

The delay d\ge0 is calculated with help of a slack variable s\ge0 that is non-zero only if the delay would be negative. This clips the calculated delay at a lower bound of 0 if the processing time for Z is less than the next processing time for Y.

$$d_i \ge tz_{i-1} - ty_i + s_i$$

The delay and slack variables are minimized to find the optimal solution.

from gekko import GEKKO
m = GEKKO()
Y = {0: 10, 1: 20, 2: 15, 3: 40, 4: 8}
Z = {0: 20, 1: 30, 2: 10, 3: 25, 4: 18}

x = m.Array(m.Var,(5,5),value=0,lb=0,ub=1,integer=True)
for i in range(5):
# 5 time slots, 5 order options for machine Y and Z
m.Equation(m.sum([x[i,j] for j in range(5)])==1)
m.Equation(m.sum([x[j,i] for j in range(5)])==1)

# time to process on Y and Z
ty = m.Array(m.Var,5)
tz = m.Array(m.Var,5)
for i in range(5):
# time to process on Y
m.Equation(ty[i] == m.sum([x[i,j]*Y[j] for j in range(5)]))
# time to process on Z
m.Equation(tz[i] == m.sum([x[i,j]*Z[j] for j in range(5)]))

# delay time on Z
d = m.Array(m.Var,5,lb=0)
s = m.Array(m.Var,5,lb=0)
m.Equation(d[0]==ty[0])
m.Equation(s[0]==0)
for i in range(1,5):
m.Equation(d[i]>=tz[i-1]-ty[i]+s[i])
m.Minimize(m.sum(d))
m.Minimize(1e-3*m.sum(s))

m.options.SOLVER=1
m.solve()

print('Order of processing, rows=order, columns=product')
print(x)
print('time on machine Y')
print(ty)
print('time on machine Z')
print(tz)
print('delay')
print(d)

The problem is solved with the APOPT solver in 0.1 sec with a minimized objective (time delay) of 11.

Order of processing, rows=order, columns=product
[[[0.0] [0.0] [0.0] [0.0] [1.0]]
[[0.0] [0.0] [1.0] [0.0] [0.0]]
[[1.0] [0.0] [0.0] [0.0] [0.0]]
[[0.0] [1.0] [0.0] [0.0] [0.0]]
[[0.0] [0.0] [0.0] [1.0] [0.0]]]
time on machine Y
[[8.0] [15.0] [10.0] [20.0] [40.0]]
time on machine Z
[[18.0] [10.0] [20.0] [30.0] [25.0]]
delay
[[8.0] [3.0] [0.0] [0.0] [0.0]]

The order is P4, P2, P0, P1, P3 with total makespan time of 121 to complete all processing.

 Sequence T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Machine Y: 8 15 10 20 40 Machine Z: 18 10 20 30 25 Delay (11): 8 3 0 0 0 0 Time (121): 8 18 10 20 40 25

The order of the sequence is different than Johnson's rule but the total makespan time (121) is the same. The optimizer found the equally optimal solution as the second row in the sorted exhaustive search list.