Energy System Benchmark Problems

Main.EnergyBenchmarks History

Show minor edits - Show changes to output

November 17, 2021, at 12:51 AM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed lines 400-401 from:
ax.plot(t, p,'b:', label='Production 1 ($g_1$)',\
        linewidth
=2)
to:
ax.plot(t, p,'b:', label='Production 1 ($g_1$)',lw=2)
Changed lines 410-412 from:
ax.plot(t,recovery,'b:',label='Recovered ($e_{\text{out},1}$)',\
        linewidth
=2)
to:
ax.plot(t,recovery,'b:',label='Recovered ($e_{\text{out},1}$)',lw=2)
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       label='Production 2 ($g_2$)',linewidth=2)
to:
       label='Production 2 ($g_2$)',lw=2)
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       label='Recovered ($e_{\text{out},2}$)',linewidth=2)
to:
       label='Recovered ($e_{\text{out},2}$)',lw=2)
November 08, 2021, at 08:29 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed line 442 from:
* Gates, N.S., Hill, D.C., Billings, B.W., Powell, K.M., Hedengren, J.D., Benchmarks for Grid Energy Management with Python Gekko, 60th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Tutorial Session: Open Source Software for Control Applications, Austin, TX, Dec 13-15, 2021. [[Attach:Gates_2021.pdf|Preprint]]
to:
Gates, N.S., Hill, D.C., Billings, B.W., Powell, K.M., Hedengren, J.D., Benchmarks for Grid Energy Management with Python Gekko, 60th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Tutorial Session: Open Source Software for Control Applications, Austin, TX, Dec 13-15, 2021. [[Attach:Gates_2021.pdf|Preprint]]
November 08, 2021, at 08:28 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
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to:
Financial support from the Department of Energy Nuclear Energy University Program Grant Number DE-NE0008866.
November 08, 2021, at 08:15 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
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(:toggle hide solution2 button show="Benchmark 2 Source":)
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(:divend:)
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(:divend:)
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(:divend:)
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(:toggle hide solution6 button show="Benchmark 6 Source":)
(:div id=solution6:)
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(:divend:)
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(:html:)
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to:
!!!! Acknowledgement
November 08, 2021, at 08:13 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Added lines 48-49:
(:toggle hide solution1 button show="Benchmark 1 Source":)
(:div id=solution1:)
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to:
(:divend:)
Added lines 430-472:

(:html:)
<style>
.button {
  border-radius: 4px;
  background-color: #0000ff;
  border: none;
  color: #FFFFFF;
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  width: 100%;
  transition: all 0.5s;
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.button span {
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
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.button span:after {
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.button:hover span {
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November 08, 2021, at 07:21 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed lines 58-60 from:
e  = m.CV(0)
e.STATUS=1; e.SPHI=e.SPLO=0
e.WSPHI=1000; e.WSPLO=1
to:
J  = m.CV(0)
J.STATUS=1; J.SPHI=J.SPLO=0
J.WSPHI=1000; J.WSPLO=1
Changed line 62 from:
m.Equations([g.dt()==r, e==d-g])
to:
m.Equations([g.dt()==r, J==d-g])
Changed lines 65-66 from:
plt.plot(t,g,'r-',label='Production')
plt.plot(t,d,'b:',label='Demand')
to:
plt.plot(t,g,'b:',label='Production')
plt.plot(t,d,'r-',label='Demand')
Changed lines 91-92 from:
e1  = m.CV(0); e1.STATUS=1; e1.SPHI=e1.SPLO=0; e1.WSPHI=1000; e1.WSPLO=1
e2  = m.CV(0); e2.STATUS=1; e2.SPHI=e2.SPLO=0; e2.WSPHI=1000; e2.WSPLO=1
to:
J1  = m.CV(0); J1.STATUS=1; J1.SPHI=J1.SPLO=0; J1.WSPHI=1000; J1.WSPLO=1
J2  = m.CV(0); J2.STATUS=1; J2.SPHI=J2.SPLO=0; J2.WSPHI=1000; J2.WSPLO=1
Changed lines 95-96 from:
m.Equations([g1.dt()==r, e1==d1-g1, e2==d2-g2])
to:
m.Equations([g1.dt()==r, J1==d1-g1, J2==d2-g2])
Changed lines 101-102 from:
plt.plot(t,d1,'r-',label='Prod 1')
plt.plot(t,g1,'b:',label='Demand 1')
to:
plt.plot(t,d1,'r-',label='Demand 1')
plt.plot(t,g1,'b:',label='Prod 1')
Changed lines 105-106 from:
plt.plot(t,d2,'r-',label='Prod 2')
plt.plot(t,g2,'b:',label='Demand 2')
to:
plt.plot(t,d2,'r-',label='Demand 2')
plt.plot(t,g2,'b:',label='Prod 2')
Deleted line 165:
plt.savefig('grid.png',dpi=600)
November 08, 2021, at 05:13 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed line 8 from:
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nsBeSUBzurc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
to:
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ja9hveVT924" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
November 05, 2021, at 07:59 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed line 8 from:
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7OhPDdioke8" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
to:
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nsBeSUBzurc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
November 05, 2021, at 06:19 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed lines 7-8 from:
%width=550px%Attach:grid_benchmarks.png
to:
(:html:)
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www
.youtube.com/embed/7OhPDdioke8" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
(:htmlend:)

Changed lines 425-426 from:
Source code examples from the publication:
to:
%width=550px%Attach:grid_benchmarks.png
Added line 428:
November 05, 2021, at 05:04 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed lines 87-90 from:
g1  = m.Var(d1[0]); dh = m.Intermediate(g1*2)

e  = m.CV(0); e.STATUS=1; e.SPHI=e.SPLO=0; e.WSPHI=1000; e.WSPLO=1
h  = m.CV(0); h.STATUS=1; h.SPHI=h.SPLO=0; h.WSPHI=1000; h.WSPLO=1
to:
g1  = m.Var(d1[0]); g2 = m.Intermediate(g1*2)

e1  = m.CV(0); e1.STATUS=1; e1.SPHI=e1.SPLO=0; e1.WSPHI=1000; e1.WSPLO=1
e2  = m.CV(0); e2.STATUS=1; e2.SPHI=e2.SPLO=0; e2.WSPHI=1000; e2.WSPLO=1
Changed lines 93-94 from:
m.Equations([g1.dt()==r, e==d1-g1, h==d2-dh])
to:
m.Equations([g1.dt()==r, e1==d1-g1, e2==d2-g2])
Changed line 104 from:
plt.plot(t,dh,'b:',label='Demand 2')
to:
plt.plot(t,g2,'b:',label='Demand 2')
November 05, 2021, at 04:45 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Added lines 7-10:
%width=550px%Attach:grid_benchmarks.png

The Gekko Optimization Suite is a machine learning and optimization package in Python for mixed-integer and differential algebraic equations and is capable of solving complex grid design and control problems.

Changed line 13 from:
The Gekko Optimization Suite is a machine learning and optimization package in Python for mixed-integer and differential algebraic equations and is capable of solving complex grid design and control problems. A series of non-dimensional benchmark cases are proposed for grid energy production. These include:
to:
A series of non-dimensional benchmark cases are proposed for grid energy production. These include:
November 05, 2021, at 04:41 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed lines 124-130 from:
fe = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
fh = m.Param(1.5*np.sin(2*np.pi*t)+7)
fz = m.Param(np.clip(-0.2*np.sin(2*np.pi*t),0,None))
de = m.Var(fe[0]); dh=m.Intermediate(de*2)
dz = m.Var(0,lb=0); dze=m.Var(0); dzh=m.Var(0)
te = m.Intermediate(fe+dze); th = m.Intermediate(fh+dzh)
to:
d1 = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
d2 = m.Param(1.5*np.sin(2*np.pi*t)+7)
d3 = m.Param(np.clip(-0.2*np.sin(2*np.pi*t),0,None))
d1v = m.Var(d1[0]); d2v=m.Intermediate(d1v*2)
d3v = m.Var(0,lb=0); d3v1=m.Var(0); d3v2=m.Var(0)
t1 = m.Intermediate(d1+d3v1); t2 = m.Intermediate(d2+d3v2)
Changed lines 134-140 from:
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1; der.DCOST=0.0
dzr = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); dzr.STATUS=1; dzr.DCOST=0.0

m.Equations([de.dt()==der, e==te-de, h==th-dh])
m.Equations([dz.dt()==dzr, z==fz-dz, dze==dz*2, dzh==dz*3])
m.Maximize(dz)
to:
r1 = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); r1.STATUS=1; r1.DCOST=0.0
r3 = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); r3.STATUS=1; r3.DCOST=0.0

m.Equations([d1v.dt()==r1, e==t1-d1v, h==t2-d2v])
m.Equations([d3v.dt()==r3, z==d3-d3v, d3v1==d3v*2, d3v2==d3v*3])
m.Maximize(d3v)
Changed lines 145-146 from:
plt.plot(t,te,'r-',label='Demand 1')
plt.plot(t,de,'b:',label='Prod 1')
to:
plt.plot(t,t1,'r-',label='Demand 1')
plt.plot(t,d1v,'b:',label='Prod 1')
Changed lines 149-150 from:
plt.plot(t,th,'r-',label='Demand 2')
plt.plot(t,dh,'b:',label='Prod 2')
to:
plt.plot(t,t2,'r-',label='Demand 2')
plt.plot(t,d2v,'b:',label='Prod 2')
Changed lines 153-154 from:
plt.plot(t,fz,'r-',label='Demand 3')
plt.plot(t,dz,'b:',label='Prod 3')
to:
plt.plot(t,d3,'r-',label='Demand 3')
plt.plot(t,d3v,'b:',label='Prod 3')
Changed lines 157-158 from:
plt.plot(t,der,'k:',label='Ramp Rate 1')
plt.plot(t,dzr,'k--',label='Ramp Rate 3')
to:
plt.plot(t,r1,'k:',label='Ramp Rate 1')
plt.plot(t,r3,'k--',label='Ramp Rate 3')
November 05, 2021, at 04:33 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed lines 81-84 from:
fe  = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
fh  = m.Param(1.5*np.sin(2*np.pi*t)+7)
de  = m.Var(fe[0]); dh = m.Intermediate(de*2)
to:
d1  = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
d2  = m.Param(1.5*np.sin(2*np.pi*t)+7)
g1  = m.Var(d1[0]); dh = m.Intermediate(g1*2)
Changed lines 87-90 from:
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1

m.Equations([de.dt()==der, e==fe-de, h==fh-dh])
to:
r = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); r.STATUS=1

m.Equations([g1.dt()==r, e==d1-g1, h==d2-dh])
Changed lines 95-96 from:
plt.plot(t,fe,'r-',label='Prod 1')
plt.plot(t,de,'b:',label='Demand 1')
to:
plt.plot(t,d1,'r-',label='Prod 1')
plt.plot(t,g1,'b:',label='Demand 1')
Changed line 99 from:
plt.plot(t,fh,'r-',label='Prod 2')
to:
plt.plot(t,d2,'r-',label='Prod 2')
Changed line 103 from:
plt.plot(t,der,'k--',label='Ramp Rate')
to:
plt.plot(t,r,'k--',label='Ramp Rate')
November 05, 2021, at 04:32 PM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed lines 50-52 from:
fe  = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
de  = m.Var(fe[0])
to:
d = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
g = m.Var(d[0])
Changed lines 55-58 from:
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1

m.Equations([de.dt()==der, e==fe-de])
to:
r = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); r.STATUS=1
m.Equations([g.dt()==r, e==d-g])
Changed lines 59-61 from:
plt.plot(t,fe,'r-',label='Production')
plt.plot(t,de,'b:',label='Demand')
plt.plot(t,der,'k--',label='Ramp Rate')
to:
plt.plot(t,g,'r-',label='Production')
plt.plot(t,d,'b:',label='Demand')
plt.plot(t,r,'k--',label='Ramp Rate')
Changed line 422 from:
Source code examples from the publication (under review):
to:
Source code examples from the publication:
Changed lines 424-425 from:
* Gates, N.S., Hill, D.C., Billings, B.W., Powell, K.M., Hedengren, J.D., Benchmarks for Grid Energy Management with Python Gekko, 60th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Tutorial Session: Open Source Software for Control Applications, Austin, TX, Dec 13-15, 2021.
to:
* Gates, N.S., Hill, D.C., Billings, B.W., Powell, K.M., Hedengren, J.D., Benchmarks for Grid Energy Management with Python Gekko, 60th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Tutorial Session: Open Source Software for Control Applications, Austin, TX, Dec 13-15, 2021. [[Attach:Gates_2021.pdf|Preprint]]
Changed lines 172-173 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_g \ \ & g \\ \mathrm{s.t.} & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \\ & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \cdot e_{in} \leq 0 \\ & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \\ & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $} 
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_g \ \ & g \\ \mathrm{s.t.} & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{\text{in}} - e_{\text{out}} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{\text{in}} = g - d + s_{\text{in}} \\ & e_{\text{out}} = d - g + s_{\text{out}} \\ & g - d = s_{\text{out}} - s_{\text{in}} \\ & s_{\text{out}}, \, s_{\text{in}} \geq 0, \enspace e_{\text{out}} \cdot e_{\text{in}} \leq 0 \\ & g + e_{\text{out}}/\eta - e_{\text{in}} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \\ & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $} 
Changed lines 224-225 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & J = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ]dt \\ & \text{where} \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \\ & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \cdot e_{in} \leq 0\\ & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \\ & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R = \begin{cases}  3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & J = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ]dt \\ & \text{where} \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{\text{out}}/\eta - e_{\text{in}} \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{\text{in}} - e_{\text{out}} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{\text{in}} = g + R - d + s_{\text{in}} \\ & e_{\text{out}} = d - g - R + s_{\text{out}} \\ & g + R - d = s_{\text{out}} - s_{\text{in}} \\ & s_{\text{out}}, \, s_{\text{in}} \geq 0, \enspace e_{\text{out}} \cdot e_{\text{in}} \leq 0\\ & g + R + e_{\text{out}}/\eta - e_{\text{in}} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \\ & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R = \begin{cases}  3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
Changed lines 302-303 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1} \ \ & g_1 \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de_i}{dt} = e_{in,i} - e_{out,i}\cdot \eta_i \\ & e_{in,i} = g_i + R_i - d_i + s_{in,i} \\ & e_{out,i} = d_i - g_i - R_i + s_{out,i} \\ & g_i + R_i - d_i = s_{out,i} - s_{in,i} \\ & s_{out,i}, \, s_{in,i} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out,i} \cdot e_{in,i} \leq 0 \\ & g_i + R_i + e_{out,i}/\eta_i - e_{in,i} \geq d_i \\ & e_i \geq 0, \enspace \eta_1 = 0.7, \enspace \eta_2 = 0.8 \\ & d_1 = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & d_2 = 15 + 1.5 \cos(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R_1 = \begin{cases} 2 + 2 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \enspace -3\leq r_1 \leq 3 \\ & R_2 = 0, \enspace g_2 = 1.5 \cdot g_1 \\ & e_1(0) = 0, \enspace e_2(0) = e_2(1) = 0.5 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1} \ \ & g_1 \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de_i}{dt} = e_{\text{in},i} - e_{\text{out},i}\cdot \eta_i \\ & e_{\text{in},i} = g_i + R_i - d_i + s_{\text{in},i} \\ & e_{\text{out},i} = d_i - g_i - R_i + s_{\text{out},i} \\ & g_i + R_i - d_i = s_{\text{out},i} - s_{\text{in},i} \\ & s_{\text{out},i}, \, s_{\text{in},i} \geq 0, \enspace e_{\text{out},i} \cdot e_{\text{in},i} \leq 0 \\ & g_i + R_i + e_{\text{out},i}/\eta_i - e_{\text{in},i} \geq d_i \\ & e_i \geq 0, \enspace \eta_1 = 0.7, \enspace \eta_2 = 0.8 \\ & d_1 = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & d_2 = 15 + 1.5 \cos(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R_1 = \begin{cases} 2 + 2 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \enspace -3\leq r_1 \leq 3 \\ & R_2 = 0, \enspace g_2 = 1.5 \cdot g_1 \\ & e_1(0) = 0, \enspace e_2(0) = e_2(1) = 0.5 \end{align} $}
Changed lines 393-394 from:
ax.plot(t,stored,'g--',label='Stored ($e_{in,1}$)')
ax.plot(t,recovery,'b:',label='Recovered ($e_{out,1}$)',\
to:
ax.plot(t,stored,'g--',label='Stored ($e_{\text{in},1}$)')
ax.plot(t,recovery,'b:',label='Recovered ($e_{\text{out},1}$)',\
Changed line 404 from:
ax.plot(t,stored_h,'g--',label='Stored ($e_{in,2}$)')
to:
ax.plot(t,stored_h,'g--',label='Stored ($e_{\text{in},2}$)')
Changed line 406 from:
       label='Recovered ($e_{out,2}$)',linewidth=2)
to:
       label='Recovered ($e_{\text{out},2}$)',linewidth=2)
Changed line 22 from:
|| {`\Phi`} || objective function ||
to:
|| {`J`} || objective function ||
Changed lines 38-39 from:
{$ \begin{align}    \min_{r} \    & \Phi = \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ 1000 \max(0, d - g) + \max(0, g - d) \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\  & \frac{dg}{dt} = r \\ & d=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \label{eqn:benchmark1c}\\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \label{eqn:benchmark1d}\\ & g(0)=d(0)=4 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align}    \min_{r} \    & J = \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ 1000 \max(0, d - g) + \max(0, g - d) \right ]dt \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\  & \frac{dg}{dt} = r \\ & d=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \label{eqn:benchmark1c}\\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \label{eqn:benchmark1d}\\ & g(0)=d(0)=4 \end{align} $}
Changed lines 72-73 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \\ & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & J = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ]dt \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \\ & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
Changed lines 115-116 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1, r_3} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ \vphantom{\int} 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] - 0.1 \int_{t=0}^{1} g_3 \\  \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \; \frac{dg_3}{dt} = r_3 \\ & g_2 = 2 g_1 \\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 + 2 g_3 \\  & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 + 3 g_3 \\  & d_3=\max\left[0,-0.2\sin\left(2\pi t\right) \right] \\ & -1 \leq r_1 \leq 1, \enspace -1 \leq r_3 \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \\  & g_3(0)=d_3(0)=0 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1, r_3} \ \ & J = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ \vphantom{\int} 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ]dt - 0.1 \int_{t=0}^{1} g_3 dt \\  \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \; \frac{dg_3}{dt} = r_3 \\ & g_2 = 2 g_1 \\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 + 2 g_3 \\  & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 + 3 g_3 \\  & d_3=\max\left[0,-0.2\sin\left(2\pi t\right) \right] \\ & -1 \leq r_1 \leq 1, \enspace -1 \leq r_3 \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \\  & g_3(0)=d_3(0)=0 \end{align} $}
Changed line 224 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ] \\ & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \\ & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \cdot e_{in} \leq 0\\ & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \\ & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R = \begin{cases}  3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & J = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ]dt \\ & \text{where} \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \\ & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \cdot e_{in} \leq 0\\ & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \\ & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R = \begin{cases}  3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
July 16, 2021, at 03:10 AM by 10.35.117.248 -
Added lines 307-417:
from gekko import GEKKO
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   
m = GEKKO(remote=False)
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 101)
m.time = t

m.options.SOLVER = 3
m.options.IMODE = 6
m.options.NODES = 2
m.options.CV_TYPE = 1
m.options.MAX_ITER = 1000
       
p = m.SV(10)        # production (constant)
s = m.Var(0.1, lb=0) # storage inventory
stored = m.SV()      # store energy rate
recovery = m.SV()    # recover energy rate
vx = m.SV(lb=0)      # recover slack variable
vy = m.SV(lb=0)      # store slack variable
   
eps = 0.85 # Storage efficiency
   
d = m.MV((-20*np.sin(np.pi*t/12*24)+100)/10)
d_h = m.MV((15*np.cos(np.pi*t/12*24)+150)/10)

p_h_initial = m.Intermediate(p*1.5)

p_h = m.SV(p_h_initial)
s_h = m.Var(0.5,lb=0)
stored_h = m.SV()
recovery_h = m.SV()

#renewable energy source
renewable = (20*np.cos(np.pi*t/6*24)+20)/10
center = np.ones(len(t))
num = len(t)
center[0:int(num/4)] = 0
center[-int(num/4):] = 0
renewable *= center
r = m.Param(renewable)

r1 = m.MV(ub=3,lb=-3)
r1.STATUS=1

m.periodic(s_h)

zx = m.SV(lb=0)
zy = m.SV(lb=0)

eps_h = 0.8 # heat storage efficiency

net = m.Intermediate(d-r)
m.Equations([p + r + recovery/eps - stored >= d,
            p + r - d == vx - vy,
            stored == p + r - d + vy,
            recovery == d - p - r + vx,
            s.dt() == stored - recovery/eps,
            p.dt() == r1,
            stored * recovery <= 0,
            p_h + recovery_h/eps_h - stored_h >= d_h,
            p_h - d_h == zx - zy,
            stored_h == p_h - d_h + zy,
            recovery_h == d_h - p_h + zx,
            s_h.dt() == stored_h - recovery_h/eps_h,
            stored_h * recovery_h <= 0,
            p_h == 1.5 * p])
m.Minimize(p)
m.solve()
   
# Plot solution
fig, axes = plt.subplots(5, 1, figsize=(5, 5.1), sharex=True)
axes = axes.ravel()

ax = axes[0]
ax.plot(t, d, 'r-', label='Demand 1 ($d_1$)')
ax.plot(t, p,'b:', label='Production 1 ($g_1$)',\
        linewidth=2)
ax.plot(t, net, 'k--', label='Net ($d_1-R_1$)')

ax = axes[1]
ax.plot(t,r, 'b-',label='Source 1 ($R_1$)')
ax.plot(t,r1, 'k--', label='Ramp Rate ($r$)')

ax = axes[2]
ax.plot(t,s, 'k-', label='Storage 1 ($e_1$)')
ax.plot(t,stored,'g--',label='Stored ($e_{in,1}$)')
ax.plot(t,recovery,'b:',label='Recovered ($e_{out,1}$)',\
        linewidth=2)

ax = axes[3]
ax.plot(t,d_h, 'r-', label='Demand 2 ($d_2$)')
ax.plot(t[1:], p_h.value[1:],'b:',\
        label='Production 2 ($g_2$)',linewidth=2)

ax = axes[4]
ax.plot(t,s_h, 'k-', label='Storage 2 ($e_2$)')
ax.plot(t,stored_h,'g--',label='Stored ($e_{in,2}$)')
ax.plot(t[1:],recovery_h.value[1:],'b:',\
        label='Recovered ($e_{out,2}$)',linewidth=2)
ax.set_xlabel('Time')

for ax in axes:
    ax.legend(loc='center left',\
              bbox_to_anchor=(1,0.5),frameon=False)
    ax.grid()
    ax.set_xlim(0, 1)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('grid_energy6.png', dpi=600,\
            bbox_inches = 'tight')
plt.show()
July 16, 2021, at 02:41 AM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed line 264 from:
             err == d - g - r + recover/eta - store,                                
to:
             err == d - g - r + recover/eta - store,
Changed line 268 from:
             s.dt() == store - recover/eta,                
to:
             s.dt() == store - recover/eta,
Deleted line 293:
plt.savefig('grid_energy5.png',dpi=600)
July 16, 2021, at 02:39 AM by 10.35.117.248 -
Added lines 229-295:
from gekko import GEKKO
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

m = GEKKO(remote=False)
m.time = np.linspace(0,1,101)

# renewable energy source
renewable = 3*np.cos(np.pi*m.time/6*24)+3
num = len(m.time)
center = np.ones(num)
center[0:int(num/4)] = 0
center[-int(num/4):] = 0
renewable *= center
r = m.Param(renewable)

dg = m.MV(0, lb=-4, ub=4); dg.STATUS = 1
d = m.Param(-2*np.sin(2*np.pi*m.time)+7)
net = m.Intermediate(d-r)
g = m.Var(d[0])      # production
s = m.Var(0, lb=0)    # storage inventory
store = m.Var()      # store energy rate
s_in = m.Var(lb=0)    # store slack variable
recover = m.Var()    # recover energy rate
s_out = m.Var(lb=0)  # recover slack variable
m.periodic(s)
eta = 0.85            # storage efficiency
m.Minimize(g)

err = m.CV(0); err.STATUS = 1
err.SPHI = err.SPLO = 0
err.WSPHI = 1000; err.WSPLO = 1
m.Minimize(0.01*err**2)

m.Equations([g.dt() == dg, 
            err == d - g - r + recover/eta - store,                                 
            g + r - d == s_out - s_in,
            store == g + r - d + s_in,
            recover == d - g - r + s_out,
            s.dt() == store - recover/eta,               
            store * recover <= 0])

m.options.SOLVER  = 1
m.options.IMODE    = 6
m.options.NODES    = 2
m.solve()

plt.figure(figsize=(7,5))
plt.subplot(3,1,1)
plt.plot(m.time,d,'r-',label='Demand')
plt.plot(m.time,g,'b:',label='Prod')
plt.plot(m.time,net,'k--',label='Net Demand')
plt.legend(); plt.grid(); plt.xlim([0,1])

plt.subplot(3,1,2)
plt.plot(m.time,r,'b-',label='Source')
plt.plot(m.time,dg,'k--',label='Ramp Rate')
plt.legend(); plt.grid(); plt.xlim([0,1])

plt.subplot(3,1,3)
plt.plot(m.time,s,'k-',label='Storage')
plt.plot(m.time,store,'g--', label='Store Rate')
plt.plot(m.time,recover,'b:', label='Recover Rate')
plt.xlim([0,1]); plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.legend(); plt.grid()
plt.savefig('grid_energy5.png',dpi=600)
plt.show()
July 16, 2021, at 02:02 AM by 10.35.117.248 -
Changed line 184 from:
p = m.FV(); p.STATUS = 1 # production
to:
g = m.FV(); g.STATUS = 1 # production
Changed line 187 from:
vy = m.Var(lb=0)        # store slack variable
to:
s_in = m.Var(lb=0)      # store slack variable
Changed line 189 from:
vx = m.Var(lb=0)        # recover slack variable
to:
s_out = m.Var(lb=0)        # recover slack variable
Changed lines 193-196 from:
m.Equations([p + recover/eta - store >= d,
            p - d == vx - vy,
            store == p - d + vy,
            recover == d - p + vx,
to:
m.Equations([g + recover/eta - store >= d,
            g - d == s_out - s_in,
            store == g - d + s_in,
            recover == d - g + s_out,
Changed lines 199-200 from:
m.Minimize(p)
to:
m.Minimize(g)
Changed line 209 from:
plt.plot(m.time,p,'b:',label='Prod')
to:
plt.plot(m.time,g,'b:',label='Prod')
Deleted line 218:
July 16, 2021, at 01:56 AM by 10.35.117.248 -
Added lines 177-217:
from gekko import GEKKO
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

m = GEKKO(remote=False)
m.time = np.linspace(0,1,101)

p = m.FV(); p.STATUS = 1 # production
s = m.Var(1e-2, lb=0)    # storage inventory
store = m.Var()          # store energy rate
vy = m.Var(lb=0)        # store slack variable
recover = m.Var()        # recover energy rate
vx = m.Var(lb=0)        # recover slack variable
eta = 0.7
d = m.Param(-2*np.sin(2*np.pi*m.time)+10)
m.periodic(s)
m.Equations([p + recover/eta - store >= d,
            p - d == vx - vy,
            store == p - d + vy,
            recover == d - p + vx,
            s.dt() == store - recover/eta,
            store * recover <= 0])
m.Minimize(p)

m.options.SOLVER  = 1
m.options.IMODE    = 6
m.options.NODES    = 3
m.solve()

plt.figure(figsize=(6,3))
plt.subplot(2,1,1)
plt.plot(m.time,d,'r-',label='Demand')
plt.plot(m.time,p,'b:',label='Prod')
plt.legend(); plt.grid(); plt.xlim([0,1])

plt.subplot(2,1,2)
plt.plot(m.time,s,'k-',label='Storage')
plt.plot(m.time,store,'g--', label='Store Rate')
plt.plot(m.time,recover,'b:', label='Recover Rate')
plt.legend(); plt.grid(); plt.xlim([0,1])
plt.show()
July 15, 2021, at 01:38 PM by 136.36.4.38 -
Changed lines 205-208 from:
Source code examples from the publication (to appear): Benchmarks for Grid Energy Management with Python Gekko
to:
Source code examples from the publication (under review):

* Gates, N.S., Hill, D.C., Billings, B.W., Powell, K.M., Hedengren, J.D., Benchmarks for Grid Energy Management with Python Gekko, 60th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Tutorial Session: Open Source Software for Control Applications, Austin, TX, Dec 13-15, 2021.

July 15, 2021, at 01:34 PM by 136.36.4.38 -
Deleted line 142:
m.Minimize(1e-7*(h**2+z**2))
July 15, 2021, at 01:30 PM by 136.36.4.38 -
Changed lines 137-139 from:
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1; der.DCOST=0.01
dzr = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); dzr.STATUS=1; dzr.DCOST=0.01
to:
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1; der.DCOST=0.0
dzr = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); dzr.STATUS=1; dzr.DCOST=0.0
Changed lines 143-144 from:
to:
m.Minimize(1e-7*(h**2+z**2))
Changed lines 148-152 from:
plt.subplot(4,1,1); plt.plot(t,te,'r-'); plt.plot(t,de,'b:'); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4
,1,2); plt.plot(t,th,'r-'); plt.plot(t,dh,'b:'); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4,1,3); plt.plot(t,fz,'r-'); plt.plot(t,dz,'b:'); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4
,1,4); plt.plot(t,der,'k:'); plt.plot(t,dzr,'k--'); plt.grid()
plt.xlabel('Time'); plt.show()
to:
plt.subplot(4,1,1)
plt.plot(t,te,'r-',label='Demand 1')
plt.plot(t,de,'b:',label='Prod 1')
plt.legend(); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4,1,2)
plt.plot(t,th,'r-',label='Demand 2')
plt.plot(t,dh,'b:',label='Prod 2')
plt.legend(); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4,1,3)
plt.plot(t,fz,'r-',label='Demand 3')
plt.plot(t,dz,'b:',label='Prod 3')
plt.legend(); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4,1,4)
plt.plot(t,der,'k:',label='Ramp Rate 1')
plt.plot(t,dzr,'k--',label='Ramp Rate 3')
plt.legend(); plt.grid(); plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.savefig('grid.png',dpi=600)

plt.show()
July 14, 2021, at 05:37 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed lines 155-156 from:
!!!! Benchmark IV: Constant Production with Energy Storage
to:
!!!! Benchmark IV: Constant Production with Storage
Changed line 167 from:
!!!! Benchmark V: Load Following with Energy Storage
to:
!!!! Benchmark V: Load Following with Storage
July 14, 2021, at 05:36 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed line 179 from:
!!!! Benchmark VI: Cogeneration with Dual Energy Storage
to:
!!!! Benchmark VI: Cogeneration with Dual Storage
July 14, 2021, at 05:35 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed lines 159-160 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_g \ \ & g \\ \mathrm{s.t.} & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \\ & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \\ & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \\ & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $} 
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_g \ \ & g \\ \mathrm{s.t.} & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \\ & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \cdot e_{in} \leq 0 \\ & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \\ & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $} 
Changed lines 171-172 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ] \\ & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \\ & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0\\ & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \\ & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R = \begin{cases}  3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ] \\ & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \\ & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \cdot e_{in} \leq 0\\ & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \\ & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R = \begin{cases}  3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
Changed lines 181-207 from:
The sixth benchmark problem is a combination of Benchmarks II and V where the ramp rate of the generator is the manipulated variable but now must meet both electrical (1) and heat (2) demand with the use of both electrical and thermal storage. The formulation of Benchmark VI is shown in Equation \ref{eqn:benchmark6}. A renewable generation source (\ref{eqn:benchmark6l}) (such as solar PV) is added to the system as an auxiliary electrical energy source that cannot be controlled. The objective is the same as in Benchmark IV, to minimize power production (\ref{eqn:benchmark6a}), but this time while meeting both the heat and power demands (\ref{eqn:benchmark6j}, \ref{eqn:benchmark6k}). The model again has perfect foresight. Slack variables are used in the same way as in Benchmarks IV and V.
       
        \begin{subequations}
        \label{eqn:benchmark6}
        \begin{align}
            \min_{r_1} \ \    & g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark6a}\\
            \mathrm{s.t.}\ \  & \frac{de_i}{dt} = e_{in,i} - e_{out,i}\cdot \eta_i \label{eqn:benchmark6b} \\
                            & e_{in,i} = g_i + R_i - d_i + s_{in,i} \label{eqn:benchmark6c} \\
                            & e_{out,i} = d_i - g_i - R_i + s_{out,i} \label{eqn:benchmark6d}\\
                            & g_i + R_i - d_i = s_{out,i} - s_{in,i} \label{eqn:benchmark6e}\\
                            & s_{out,i}, \, s_{in,i} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out,i} \times e_{in,i} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark6f} \\
                            % & e_{out,i} \times e_{in,i} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark6g} \\
                            & g_i + R_i + e_{out,i}/\eta_i - e_{in,i} \geq d_i \label{eqn:benchmark6h} \\
                            & e_i \geq 0, \enspace \eta_1 = 0.7, \enspace \eta_2 = 0.8 \label{eqn:benchmark6i} \\
                            & d_1 = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \label{eqn:benchmark6j}\\
                            & d_2 = 15 + 1.5 \cos(2 \, \pi \, t) \label{eqn:benchmark6k}\\
                            & R_1 = \begin{cases}
                                        2 + 2 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq  \frac{3}{4} \\
                                        0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\
                                    \end{cases} \label{eqn:benchmark6l}\\
                            & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \enspace -3\leq r_1 \leq 3 \\
                            & R_2 = 0, \enspace g_2 = 1.5 \cdot g_1 \\
                            % & g_2 = 1.5 \cdot g_1 \\
                            & e_1(0) = 0, \enspace e_2(0) = e_2(1) = 0.5 \label{eqn:benchmark6p}
                            % Need to add initial conditions as well
        \end{align}
        \end{subequations}
to:
The sixth benchmark problem is a combination of Benchmarks II and V where the ramp rate of the generator is the manipulated variable but now must meet both electrical (1) and heat (2) demand with the use of both electrical and thermal storage. A renewable generation source (such as solar PV) is added to the system as an auxiliary electrical energy source that cannot be controlled. The objective is the same as in Benchmark IV, to minimize power production, but this time while meeting both the heat and power demands. The model again has perfect foresight. Slack variables are used in the same way as in Benchmarks IV and V.

{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1} \ \ & g_1 \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de_i}{dt} = e_{in,i} - e_{out,i}\cdot \eta_i \\ & e_{in,i} = g_i + R_i - d_i + s_{in,i} \\ & e_{out,i} = d_i - g_i - R_i + s_{out,i} \\ & g_i + R_i - d_i = s_{out,i} - s_{in,i} \\ & s_{out,i}, \, s_{in,i} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out,i} \cdot e_{in,i} \leq 0 \\ & g_i + R_i + e_{out,i}/\eta_i - e_{in,i} \geq d_i \\ & e_i \geq 0, \enspace \eta_1 = 0.7, \enspace \eta_2 = 0.8 \\ & d_1 = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & d_2 = 15 + 1.5 \cos(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R_1 = \begin{cases} 2 + 2 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \enspace -3\leq r_1 \leq 3 \\ & R_2 = 0, \enspace g_2 = 1.5 \cdot g_1 \\ & e_1(0) = 0, \enspace e_2(0) = e_2(1) = 0.5 \end{align} $}
July 14, 2021, at 05:29 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed lines 159-160 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_g \ \ & g \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \\ & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \\ % & e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \\ & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \\ & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_g \ \ & g \\ \mathrm{s.t.} & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \\ & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \\ & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \\ & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $} 
Changed line 171 from:
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ] \\ & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \\ & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0\\ & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \\ & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & R = \begin{cases}  3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq \frac{3}{4} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \\ & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
July 14, 2021, at 05:24 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed lines 159-172 from:
       \begin{align}
          \min_g \ \     & g \label{eqn:benchmark4a}\\
           \mathrm{s.t.}\ \  & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \label{eqn:benchmark4b} \\
                         & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark4c} \\
                          & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \label{eqn:benchmark4d}\\
                            & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark4e}\\
                            & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark4f}\\
                            % & e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark4g} \\
                            & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \label{eqn:benchmark4h} \\
                            & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \label{eqn:benchmark4i} \\
                            & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \label{eqn:benchmark4j} \\
                            & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \label{eqn:benchmark4k}
        \end{align}

to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_g \ \ & g \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \\ & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \\ & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \\ & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \\ & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \\ % & e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \\ & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \\ & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \\ & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\ & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \end{align} $}
Changed lines 171-196 from:
               \begin{subequations}
        \label{eqn:benchmark5}
        \begin{align}
            % \min_{r} \ \    & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} \right. \\
            %                & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ + \; \left. \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \notag \\
            %                & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\
            \min_{r} \ \    & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ] \notag \\
                            & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark5a}\\
            \mathrm{s.t.}\ \  & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in}  - e_{out} \cdot \eta \label{eqn:benchmark5c} \\
                            & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark5d} \\
                            & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \label{eqn:benchmark5e}\\
                            & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark5f}\\
                            & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0\\
                            % & e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark5h} \\
                            & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \label{eqn:benchmark5i} \\
                            & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \label{eqn:benchmark5j} \\
                            & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\
                            & R = \begin{cases}
                                        3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq  \frac{3}{4} \\
                                        0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\
                                    \end{cases} \label{eqn:benchmark5k}\\
                            & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\
                            & e(0) = e(1) = 0
                            % Need to add initial conditions as well
        \end{align}
        \end{subequations}
to:

July 14, 2021, at 05:20 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed line 113 from:
The third benchmark problem enhances the previous problems further still, creating a tri-generation system ($n=3$) with two producers, three products, and three demand profiles. The primary producer is the same as the prior benchmark and is ramp-rate constrained to produce the two primary products (e.g., electricity and heat). An additional producer (e.g., a solid oxide electrolysis cell) uses these first two products to make a third product (e.g., hydrogen), thereby utilizing any excess system capacity and maximizing its production while avoiding supply shortages for products one and two. As before, the optimizer has perfect foresight.
to:
The third benchmark problem enhances the previous problems further still, creating a tri-generation system ''n=3'' with two producers, three products, and three demand profiles. The primary producer is the same as the prior benchmark and is ramp-rate constrained to produce the two primary products (e.g., electricity and heat). An additional producer (e.g., a solid oxide electrolysis cell) uses these first two products to make a third product (e.g., hydrogen), thereby utilizing any excess system capacity and maximizing its production while avoiding supply shortages for products one and two. As before, the optimizer has perfect foresight.
July 14, 2021, at 05:19 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed lines 72-73 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} \right. + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \\ & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \\ & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
Changed line 115 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1, r_3} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ \vphantom{\int} 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] - 0.1 \int_{t=0}^{1} g_3 \\  \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \; \frac{dg_3}{dt} = r_3 \\ & g_2 = 2 g_1 \\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 + 2 g_3 \\  & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 + 3 g_3 \\  & d_3=\max\left[0,-0.2\sin\left(2\pi t\right) \right] \\  %& dt_1 = d_1 + 2 \, g_3 \\ %& dt_2 = d_1 + 3 \, g_3 \\ & -1 \leq r_1 \leq 1, \enspace -1 \leq r_3 \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \\  & g_3(0)=d_3(0)=0 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1, r_3} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ \vphantom{\int} 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] - 0.1 \int_{t=0}^{1} g_3 \\  \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \; \frac{dg_3}{dt} = r_3 \\ & g_2 = 2 g_1 \\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 + 2 g_3 \\  & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 + 3 g_3 \\  & d_3=\max\left[0,-0.2\sin\left(2\pi t\right) \right] \\ & -1 \leq r_1 \leq 1, \enspace -1 \leq r_3 \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \\  & g_3(0)=d_3(0)=0 \end{align} $}
July 14, 2021, at 05:17 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed lines 115-130 from:
        \begin{align}
           \min_{r_1, r_3} \ \   & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ \vphantom{\int} 1000 \; \max(0, \,  d_i - g_i) \; \label{eqn:benchmark3a} \right. \\
           & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \left. + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] - 0.1 \int_{t=0}^{1} g_3 \notag \\
 
          \mathrm{s.t.}\ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \; \frac{dg_3}{dt} = r_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3b} \\
 
                         & g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark3c} \\
                            & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 + 2 g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3d}\\
                            & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 + 3 g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3e}\\
                            & d_3=\max\left[0,-0.2\sin\left(2\pi t\right) \right] \label{eqn:benchmark3f}\\
                            %& dt_1 = d_1 + 2 \, g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3h} \\
                            %& dt_2 = d_1 + 3 \, g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3i} \\
                            & -1 \leq r_1 \leq 1, \enspace -1 \leq r_3 \leq 1 \label{eqn:benchmark3g} \\
                            & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \label{eqn:benchmark3h}  \\
                            & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \label{eqn:benchmark3i} \\
                            & g_3(0)=d_3(0)=0 \label{eqn:benchmark3j}
        \end{align}

to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r_1, r_3} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ \vphantom{\int} 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] - 0.1 \int_{t=0}^{1} g_3 \\  \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \; \frac{dg_3}{dt} = r_3 \\ & g_2 = 2 g_1 \\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 + 2 g_3 \\  & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 + 3 g_3 \\  & d_3=\max\left[0,-0.2\sin\left(2\pi t\right) \right] \\  %& dt_1 = d_1 + 2 \, g_3 \\ %& dt_2 = d_1 + 3 \, g_3 \\ & -1 \leq r_1 \leq 1, \enspace -1 \leq r_3 \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \\  & g_3(0)=d_3(0)=0 \end{align} $}
July 14, 2021, at 05:15 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed line 72 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} \right. + \left. \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \\ & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} \right. + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \\ & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
July 14, 2021, at 05:11 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed line 72 from:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} \right. \label{eqn:benchmark2a} \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ + \; \left. \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} \right. + \left. \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \\ & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
July 14, 2021, at 05:08 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed line 72 from:
equations
to:
{$ \begin{align} \min_{r} \ \ & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, d_i - g_i) \vphantom{\int} \right. \label{eqn:benchmark2a} \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ + \; \left. \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\ \ & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r, \enspace g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark2b}\\ & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 \\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \\ & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \\ & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \end{align} $}
July 14, 2021, at 05:01 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed lines 20-32 from:
||border=0|
| '''Symbol''' | '''Description''' |
| {`\Phi`} | objective function |
| ''d'' | demand |
| ''g'' | generation |
| ''r'' | ramp rate |
| ''e'' | storage inventory |
| ''e'_in_''', ''e'_out_''' | energy stored, recovered |
| ''R'' | renewable source |
| ''s'_in_''', ''s'_out_''' | slack variables for storage switching |
| {`\eta`} | storage efficiency |
| ''n'' | number of generating units |
| ''i'' | subscript indicates product ''i'' |
to:
|| border=0
|| '''Symbol''' || '''Description''' ||
|| {`\Phi`} || objective function ||
|| ''d'' || demand ||
|| ''g'' || generation ||
|| ''r'' || ramp rate ||
|| ''e'' || storage inventory ||
|| ''e'_in_''', ''e'_out_''' || energy stored, recovered ||
|| ''R'' || renewable source ||
|| ''s'_in_''', ''s'_out_''' || slack variables for storage switching ||
|| {`\eta`} || storage efficiency ||
|| ''n'' || number of generating units ||
|| ''i'' || subscript indicates product ''i'' ||
July 14, 2021, at 05:00 AM by 172.58.60.130 -
Changed line 2 from:
(:keywords nonlinear control, energy, optimal control, dynamic optimization, engineering optimization, MATLAB, Python, GEKKO, differential, algebraic, modeling language, university course:)
to:
(:keywords grid, power, optimization, optimal control, benchmark, nonlinear control, energy, optimal control, dynamic optimization, engineering optimization, MATLAB, Python, GEKKO, differential, algebraic, modeling language:)
Changed lines 5-267 from:
Source code to be included for 6 benchmarks for the CDC paper.
to:
Optimized grid design and operation is needed as modern society depends on vast quantities of electrical energy. The complexity of the electric grid presents difficult control problems that require powerful solvers and efficient formulations for tractable solutions.

%width=200px%Attach:gekko.png

The Gekko Optimization Suite is a machine learning and optimization package in Python for mixed-integer and differential algebraic equations and is capable of solving complex grid design and control problems. A series of non-dimensional benchmark cases are proposed for grid energy production. These include:

-> '''I''': load following
-> '''II''': cogeneration
-> '''III''': tri-generation
-> '''IV''': energy storage with constant production
-> '''V''': energy storage with load following
-> '''VI''': energy storage with cogeneration

Individual case studies include ramp rate constraints, power production, and energy storage operation as design variables. Variables used in the benchmark problems are defined below.

||border=0|
| '''Symbol''' | '''Description''' |
| {`\Phi`} | objective function |
| ''d'' | demand |
| ''g'' | generation |
| ''r'' | ramp rate |
| ''e'' | storage inventory |
| ''e'_in_''', ''e'_out_''' | energy stored, recovered |
| ''R'' | renewable source |
| ''s'_in_''', ''s'_out_''' | slack variables for storage switching |
| {`\eta`} | storage efficiency |
| ''n'' | number of generating units |
| ''i'' | subscript indicates product ''i'' |

!!!! Benchmark I: Load Following

The first benchmark problem represents load following, a common scenario in grid systems. The optimizer seeks to match demand and supply with fluctuating demand dynamics. A single generator with ramping constraints attempts to respond to a single load with perfect foresight. The generation and demand match initially, but the generator must ramp in order to ensure this throughout the horizon while minimizing overproduction.

{$ \begin{align}    \min_{r} \    & \Phi = \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ 1000 \max(0, d - g) + \max(0, g - d) \right ] \\ \mathrm{s.t.}\  & \frac{dg}{dt} = r \\ & d=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 \label{eqn:benchmark1c}\\ & -1 \leq r \leq 1 \label{eqn:benchmark1d}\\ & g(0)=d(0)=4 \end{align} $}

%width=550px%Attach:grid_energy1.png

(:source lang=python:)
from gekko import GEKKO
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

t = np.linspace(0,1,101)
m = GEKKO(remote=False); m.time=t

fe  = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
de  = m.Var(fe[0])

e  = m.CV(0)
e.STATUS=1; e.SPHI=e.SPLO=0
e.WSPHI=1000; e.WSPLO=1
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1

m.Equations([de.dt()==der, e==fe-de])

m.options.IMODE=6; m.solve()

plt.plot(t,fe,'r-',label='Production')
plt.plot(t,de,'b:',label='Demand')
plt.plot(t,der,'k--',label='Ramp Rate')
plt.legend(); plt.grid(); plt.show()
(:sourceend:)

!!!! Benchmark II: Cogeneration

In the second benchmark problem, one producer seeks to meet two objectives that are constraining at different times. Benchmark II enhances Benchmark I by replacing the generator with a cogeneration system ''n=2'' that produces (1) electricity and (2) heat in response to electricity demand and a new heat demand profile, again with perfect foresight.

equations

%width=550px%Attach:grid_energy2.png

(:source lang=python:)
from gekko import GEKKO
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

t = np.linspace(0,1,101)
m = GEKKO(remote=False); m.time=t

fe  = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
fh  = m.Param(1.5*np.sin(2*np.pi*t)+7)
de  = m.Var(fe[0]); dh = m.Intermediate(de*2)

e  = m.CV(0); e.STATUS=1; e.SPHI=e.SPLO=0; e.WSPHI=1000; e.WSPLO=1
h  = m.CV(0); h.STATUS=1; h.SPHI=h.SPLO=0; h.WSPHI=1000; h.WSPLO=1
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1

m.Equations([de.dt()==der, e==fe-de, h==fh-dh])

m.options.IMODE=6; m.solve()

plt.figure(figsize=(8,5))
plt.subplot(3,1,1)
plt.plot(t,fe,'r-',label='Prod 1')
plt.plot(t,de,'b:',label='Demand 1')
plt.grid(); plt.legend()
plt.subplot(3,1,2)
plt.plot(t,fh,'r-',label='Prod 2')
plt.plot(t,dh,'b:',label='Demand 2')
plt.grid(); plt.legend()
plt.subplot(3,1,3)
plt.plot(t,der,'k--',label='Ramp Rate')
plt.grid(); plt.legend(); plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.show()
(:sourceend:)

!!!! Benchmark III: Tri-generation

The third benchmark problem enhances the previous problems further still, creating a tri-generation system ($n=3$) with two producers, three products, and three demand profiles. The primary producer is the same as the prior benchmark and is ramp-rate constrained to produce the two primary products (e.g., electricity and heat). An additional producer (e.g., a solid oxide electrolysis cell) uses these first two products to make a third product (e.g., hydrogen), thereby utilizing any excess system capacity and maximizing its production while avoiding supply shortages for products one and two. As before, the optimizer has perfect foresight.

        \begin{align}
            \min_{r_1, r_3} \ \  & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \left [ \vphantom{\int} 1000 \; \max(0, \,  d_i - g_i) \; \label{eqn:benchmark3a} \right. \\
            & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \left. + \max(0, \, g_i - d_i) \vphantom{\int} \right ] - 0.1 \int_{t=0}^{1} g_3 \notag \\
            \mathrm{s.t.}\ \  & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \; \frac{dg_3}{dt} = r_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3b} \\
                            & g_2 = 2 g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark3c} \\
                            & d_1=\cos\left({2\pi t}\right) + 3 + 2 g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3d}\\
                            & d_2=1.5\sin\left({2\pi t}\right) + 7 + 3 g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3e}\\
                            & d_3=\max\left[0,-0.2\sin\left(2\pi t\right) \right] \label{eqn:benchmark3f}\\
                            %& dt_1 = d_1 + 2 \, g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3h} \\
                            %& dt_2 = d_1 + 3 \, g_3 \label{eqn:benchmark3i} \\
                            & -1 \leq r_1 \leq 1, \enspace -1 \leq r_3 \leq 1 \label{eqn:benchmark3g} \\
                            & g_1(0)=d_1(0)=4 \label{eqn:benchmark3h}  \\
                            & g_2(0)=8, \; d_2(0)=7 \label{eqn:benchmark3i} \\
                            & g_3(0)=d_3(0)=0 \label{eqn:benchmark3j}
        \end{align}


%width=550px%Attach:grid_energy3.png

(:source lang=python:)
import numpy as np
from gekko import GEKKO
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

t = np.linspace(0,1,101)
m = GEKKO(remote=False); m.time=t

fe = m.Param(np.cos(2*np.pi*t)+3)
fh = m.Param(1.5*np.sin(2*np.pi*t)+7)
fz = m.Param(np.clip(-0.2*np.sin(2*np.pi*t),0,None))
de = m.Var(fe[0]); dh=m.Intermediate(de*2)
dz = m.Var(0,lb=0); dze=m.Var(0); dzh=m.Var(0)
te = m.Intermediate(fe+dze); th = m.Intermediate(fh+dzh)

e  = m.CV(0); e.STATUS=1; e.SPHI=e.SPLO=0; e.WSPHI=1000; e.WSPLO=1
h  = m.CV(0); h.STATUS=1; h.SPHI=h.SPLO=0; h.WSPHI=1000; h.WSPLO=1
z  = m.CV(0); z.STATUS=1; z.SPHI=z.SPLO=0; z.WSPHI=1000; z.WSPLO=1
der = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); der.STATUS=1; der.DCOST=0.01
dzr = m.MV(0,lb=-1,ub=1); dzr.STATUS=1; dzr.DCOST=0.01

m.Equations([de.dt()==der, e==te-de, h==th-dh])
m.Equations([dz.dt()==dzr, z==fz-dz, dze==dz*2, dzh==dz*3])
m.Maximize(dz)

m.options.IMODE=6; m.options.SOLVER=1; m.solve()

plt.figure(figsize=(8,7))
plt.subplot(4,1,1); plt.plot(t,te,'r-'); plt.plot(t,de,'b:'); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4,1,2); plt.plot(t,th,'r-'); plt.plot(t,dh,'b:'); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4,1,3); plt.plot(t,fz,'r-'); plt.plot(t,dz,'b:'); plt.grid()
plt.subplot(4,1,4); plt.plot(t,der,'k:'); plt.plot(t,dzr,'k--'); plt.grid()
plt.xlabel('Time'); plt.show()
(:sourceend:)


!!!! Benchmark IV: Constant Production with Energy Storage

The fourth benchmark problem models a hybrid system with a single generator with constant production constraints coupled with energy storage that together must meet an oscillating electricity demand. The goal of the problem is to minimize the required power production and use energy storage to capture excess generation serve the oscillating energy demand while keeping the base-load generator production constant. As before, the model has perfect foresight. In order to prevent the energy storage from charging and discharging simultaneously without requiring mixed-integer variables, slack variables are used to control when the storage charges and discharges, allowing it to switch modes in a way that is both continuous and differentiable. This allows the modeling language to use automatic differentiation to provide exact gradients to the solver.

        \begin{align}
            \min_g \ \    & g \label{eqn:benchmark4a}\\
            \mathrm{s.t.}\ \  & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in} - e_{out} \cdot \eta \label{eqn:benchmark4b} \\
                            & e_{in} = g - d + s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark4c} \\
                            & e_{out} = d - g + s_{out} \label{eqn:benchmark4d}\\
                            & g - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark4e}\\
                            & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark4f}\\
                            % & e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark4g} \\
                            & g + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \label{eqn:benchmark4h} \\
                            & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.7 \label{eqn:benchmark4i} \\
                            & d = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \label{eqn:benchmark4j} \\
                            & e(0) = e(1) = 0 \label{eqn:benchmark4k}
        \end{align}

%width=550px%Attach:grid_energy4.png

(:source lang=python:)
(:sourceend:)


!!!! Benchmark V: Load Following with Energy Storage

The fifth benchmark combines energy storage with a load-following problem similar to Benchmark I. The first-half of the time horizon is nearly identical to Benchmark I, but now the excess energy can be stored. This allows the system to meet a higher demand in the second half of the time horizon without needing extremes in generation. The solver minimizes the ramping needs and operates more flexibly by storing and then recovering the overproduction caused by the ramping constraints. Energy storage allows this generator to meet the load without requiring significant overproduction.
       
                \begin{subequations}
        \label{eqn:benchmark5}
        \begin{align}
            % \min_{r} \ \    & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, \left [ 1000 \; \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} \right. \\
            %                & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ + \; \left. \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} \right ] \notag \\
            %                & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \\
            \min_{r} \ \    & \Phi = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{t=0}^{1} \, [ 1000 \, \max(0, \, \Psi) \vphantom{\int} + \, \max(0, \, -\Psi) \vphantom{\int} ] \notag \\
                            & where \ \Psi = d - g - R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark5a}\\
            \mathrm{s.t.}\ \  & \frac{de}{dt} = e_{in}  - e_{out} \cdot \eta \label{eqn:benchmark5c} \\
                            & e_{in} = g + R - d + s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark5d} \\
                            & e_{out} = d - g - R + s_{out} \label{eqn:benchmark5e}\\
                            & g + R - d = s_{out} - s_{in} \label{eqn:benchmark5f}\\
                            & s_{out}, \, s_{in} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0\\
                            % & e_{out} \times e_{in} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark5h} \\
                            & g + R + e_{out}/\eta - e_{in} \geq d \label{eqn:benchmark5i} \\
                            & e \geq 0, \enspace \eta = 0.85 \label{eqn:benchmark5j} \\
                            & d = 7 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \\
                            & R = \begin{cases}
                                        3 + 3 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq  \frac{3}{4} \\
                                        0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\
                                    \end{cases} \label{eqn:benchmark5k}\\
                            & \frac{dg}{dt} = r, \enspace -1\leq r \leq 1 \\
                            & e(0) = e(1) = 0
                            % Need to add initial conditions as well
        \end{align}
        \end{subequations}
%width=550px%Attach:grid_energy5.png

(:source lang=python:)
(:sourceend:)


!!!! Benchmark VI: Cogeneration with Dual Energy Storage

The sixth benchmark problem is a combination of Benchmarks II and V where the ramp rate of the generator is the manipulated variable but now must meet both electrical (1) and heat (2) demand with the use of both electrical and thermal storage. The formulation of Benchmark VI is shown in Equation \ref{eqn:benchmark6}. A renewable generation source (\ref{eqn:benchmark6l}) (such as solar PV) is added to the system as an auxiliary electrical energy source that cannot be controlled. The objective is the same as in Benchmark IV, to minimize power production (\ref{eqn:benchmark6a}), but this time while meeting both the heat and power demands (\ref{eqn:benchmark6j}, \ref{eqn:benchmark6k}). The model again has perfect foresight. Slack variables are used in the same way as in Benchmarks IV and V.
       
        \begin{subequations}
        \label{eqn:benchmark6}
        \begin{align}
            \min_{r_1} \ \    & g_1 \label{eqn:benchmark6a}\\
            \mathrm{s.t.}\ \  & \frac{de_i}{dt} = e_{in,i} - e_{out,i}\cdot \eta_i \label{eqn:benchmark6b} \\
                            & e_{in,i} = g_i + R_i - d_i + s_{in,i} \label{eqn:benchmark6c} \\
                            & e_{out,i} = d_i - g_i - R_i + s_{out,i} \label{eqn:benchmark6d}\\
                            & g_i + R_i - d_i = s_{out,i} - s_{in,i} \label{eqn:benchmark6e}\\
                            & s_{out,i}, \, s_{in,i} \geq 0, \enspace e_{out,i} \times e_{in,i} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark6f} \\
                            % & e_{out,i} \times e_{in,i} \leq 0 \label{eqn:benchmark6g} \\
                            & g_i + R_i + e_{out,i}/\eta_i - e_{in,i} \geq d_i \label{eqn:benchmark6h} \\
                            & e_i \geq 0, \enspace \eta_1 = 0.7, \enspace \eta_2 = 0.8 \label{eqn:benchmark6i} \\
                            & d_1 = 10 - 2 \sin(2 \, \pi \, t) \label{eqn:benchmark6j}\\
                            & d_2 = 15 + 1.5 \cos(2 \, \pi \, t) \label{eqn:benchmark6k}\\
                            & R_1 = \begin{cases}
                                        2 + 2 \cos(4 \, \pi \, t) & \frac{1}{4} \leq t \leq  \frac{3}{4} \\
                                        0 & \mbox{otherwise} \\
                                    \end{cases} \label{eqn:benchmark6l}\\
                            & \frac{dg_1}{dt} = r_1, \enspace -3\leq r_1 \leq 3 \\
                            & R_2 = 0, \enspace g_2 = 1.5 \cdot g_1 \\
                            % & g_2 = 1.5 \cdot g_1 \\
                            & e_1(0) = 0, \enspace e_2(0) = e_2(1) = 0.5 \label{eqn:benchmark6p}
                            % Need to add initial conditions as well
        \end{align}
        \end{subequations}

%width=550px%Attach:grid_energy6.png

(:source lang=python:)
(:sourceend:)

!!!! Reference

Source code examples from the publication (to appear): Benchmarks for Grid Energy Management with Python Gekko
May 15, 2021, at 05:16 AM by 136.36.4.38 -
Changed line 1 from:
(:title Optimal Control Benchmark Problems III:)
to:
(:title Energy System Benchmark Problems:)
May 15, 2021, at 05:07 AM by 136.36.4.38 -
Added lines 1-5:
(:title Optimal Control Benchmark Problems III:)
(:keywords nonlinear control, energy, optimal control, dynamic optimization, engineering optimization, MATLAB, Python, GEKKO, differential, algebraic, modeling language, university course:)
(:description Energy system optimal control benchmarks solved with Python Gekko.:)

Source code to be included for 6 benchmarks for the CDC paper.